UNU B16127

• This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the dicisions or the stated policy of the WHO, FAO, or UNU.
• Original series title: WHO Technical Report Series ; 724.

1- Introduction References

2. Energy and protein requirements—some unifying concepts 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Individuals and groups References

3. Considerations common to the estimation of energy and protein requirements 3.1 Adaptation 3.2 Body size: reference standards for children, adolescents, and adults... 3.3 Body composition 3.4 physical fitness and functional capacity 3.5 Expression of requirements in relation to body weight and age 3.6 Interpretation of tables of requirements references

4. Principles for the estimation of energy requirements 4.1 General considerations 4.2 Components of energy requirement 4.3 Changes in energy requirements with age 4.4 Sex differences in energy requirements 4.5 Variability in energy expenditure 4.6 Measurement of energy expenditure 4.7 Adaptation in energy requirements References

5. Principles of estimating protein requirements 5.1 The metabolic background 5.2 Adaptation to low protein intakes 5.3 Relationships between energy and protein requirements 5.4 Requirements for total nitrogen 5.5 Principles of nitrogen balance 5.6 Requirements for essential amino acids 5.7 General comments on methods of assessing protein requirements References

6. Estimates of energy and protein requirements of adults and children 6.1 Adults 6.2 Pregnancy and lactation 6.3 Infants, children, and adolescents References

7. Factors affecting energy and protein requirements 7.1 Available energy 7.2 Energy density 7.3 Quality and digestibility of dietary proteins 7.4 Environmental effects on energy and protein requirements References

8. Summary of requirements for energy and protein 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Adults 8.3 Adolescents 8.4 Infants and children 8.5 Pregnancy and lactation 8.6 Corrections for the quality of the diet References

9. Energy and protein requirements for catch-up growth and the influence of infections on requirements 9.1 Catch-up growth 9.2 Effects of infection on energy and protein requirements 9.3 Conclusion References

10. The protein-energy ratio as a measure of dietary quality 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Derivation of reference PE ratios 10.3 Factors that affect the PE ratio References

11 • Some principles and issues in the application of requirement estimates 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Aggregation of requirement estimates 11.3 Matching the time-frame of intake and requirement 11.4 Adjustments for digestibility and amino acid score 11.5 Modelling of distributions References

12. Future research References

13. Conclusions Annex 1. Equations for the prediction of basal metabolic rate, Annex 2. Anthropometric data of children and adolescents Annex 3. Gross energy cost of walking on the level Annex 4. Estimates of energy cost of weight gain Annex 5. Gross energy expenditure in specified activities Annex 6. Miscellaneous nitrogen (N) losses Annex 7. Calculation of BMR and total energy expenditure Annex 8. Additional requirements for catch-up growth Annex9. Statistical principles for estimating protein and energy requirements Annex10. List of participants